Identify and discuss the concept of time to market with respect to the Essay

Identify and discuss the concept of time to market with respect to the commercialization - Essay Example Launching a product is the ultimate stage in its development and is the stage where most resources are put into play in acts such as advertisement of the product, its promotion and other acts aimed at marketing it. According to Kotler (2008), a marketer or the company must therefore decide on the action plan for introducing the product in the market through a proper implementation of its decisions through the development of a marketing mix that has a proper budget, of which timing is integral. The time to launch and market a product varies depending on companies or the marketer as well as how complex the product is and for the purposes of a marketer launching a product, time is defined as the period from the time the product is conceived until it is launched (Cooper, 2001). Time plays an important factor in the success of a product and it is important that marketers launch their products at the time when there is a good economic situation in order to reap from maximum sales of the products (Kotler, 2003). Market researchers have argued before that, in order to have a maximum uptake of your product that will ultimately lead to value addition of the product. The marketer must avoid any acts that may seem to be aimed at cannibalizing products that are already in the market and the products should only be launched when there are no improvements that can be made to it in the near future. Further, marketers must be aware that the commercialization plan can only be successful wh en the timing of the launch is the correct time (Masterson and Pickton, 2010). When faced with the danger of cannibalizing the uptake of other products marketed by the marketer or their sales, or when the economy is facing a downturn, the launch of the product should be delayed. Value creation a product intended for the market depends on a number of factors that must be able to satisfy the often compelling and competitive needs of the customer. This is because, by delivering products of

An audit of coded data Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

An audit of coded data - Assignment Example This report details the results of an audit of coder A data based on a set of reference data containing the correct inputs as present in Coder B data. This is to determine the accuracy of coding data, with the audit being in line with the prescriptions of the ACBA, or the Australian Coding Benchmark Audit. The basic method consists of analyzing coder A data for variances with the reference data as provided in coder B. Coder B data is correct, against which the accuracy of coder A data is vetted against. This is the fundamental method. The use of 40 records for the audit is in line with the ACBA prescription for audit sample size to be able to make a good assessment of the quality of the coding. The present research has identified that the ACBA audit process, in theory, is a convenient, practical and effective process for identifying coding error sources, not only from the coder side, but also from the wider system side, and in so doing allow for a more comprehensive view of the sourc es of and potential mitigations for the correction of coder and process/system mistakes in the coding process. ACBA in other words also shores up the reliability of coded data, by tracing coding mistakes in a comprehensive and systematic fashion. ACBA also makes it easier to understand that the coding process and coding mistakes that follow from certain coding processes can be as much a source of coding error as human error.

Scarus opinion of Antony Essay Example for Free

Scarus opinion of Antony Essay Scarus explains that Antony left in the height of the battle to chase after Cleopatra. Scarus opinion of Antony is now that of a coward, we know this because he calls him a mallard; this is a wild duck that chases after the female, who in this case is Antony is going after Cleopatra.  Scarus then goes on to say that he had never seen such shame, which surprises him because it came from Antony, who has been described as a triple-pillar of the world. This is very significant because Antony shows how much love he has for Cleopatra. The fact that he would flea a battle at it most significant stage, to risk being called a coward, shows just how much he loves Cleopatra. And also, that he would leave a battle, and risk it being lost, just so he could go after Cleopatra, this shows how loyal he has become to both Cleopatra and Egypt.  Scarus says that the experience of great wars and battles, a mans pride and honour and a mans manhood, had never been violated in such a way before. The fact that he would leave a battle which Rome is fighting, a place that means so much to him, to chase after a woman, is so out of character, this shows his once great love for Rome is now a low priority compared to Cleopatra. Octavia, who is Antonys wife, is another main character of the play. She is associated with gentle, natural phenomena, which means crying in the play. It is also clear that Octavia highlights the nature and importance of the argument between Caesar. As Octavia is Antonys wife and naturally sees her goodness.  Also, Agrippa has an opinion of Octavia; it is that because she is so beautiful and elegant, she has managed to attract the best possible man. Agrippa also says:  Whose virtue and general graces speak.  Agrippa is saying that Octavia has qualities and virtues which no other woman has. Enobarbus also has an opinion of Octavia, he says;  Octavia is of a holy, cold, and still conversation.  He is saying that Octavia is boring and religious, which Enobarbus sees as being a downside to her personality. He says that she has still conversations, which means that she is quiet and does not speak much to others. Antony calls Octavia a swansdown feather, he is trying to imply that Octavia is like a feather on a river, and can not decide upon which way to go. Antony means that Octavia is weak against himself and she will agree or do anything that Antony says.  It is clear from Shakespeares play, that there are many opinions of Antony, some of which are good and in his favour and others that are bad and against him. However, there are characters in the play that have in one scene said nothing but good comments and later on in the play, say nothing but bad remarks about Antony, it may not always be clear what causes the characters to change their opinion, but it usually has something to do with Antonys love for Cleopatra. It is obvious that Antony is an excellent soldier and Roman, especially when it comes to wars and battles. But, when it comes to deciding upon Rome or his love life, he is not so certain, and is usually disliked for his decision by his fellow Roman soldiers.  Discuss the Importance of the Comments Made By Other Characters in the Presentation of Antony

Essay example --

Untuk menggapai kecemerlangan sesebuah negara itu hendaklah mewujudkan inovasi dalam kurikulum dan kokurikulum dalam sistem pendidikan pembelajaran negara agar kandungan ilmu yang diajar mampu melahirkan pelajar yang berdaya saing sehingga di peringkat anatarabangsa. Begitulah bunyi nya kata-kata hikmat oleh Ghani Nasir (2010). Inovasi juga perlu agar negara dapat melahirkan pelajar yang tetap utuh dalam mempertahankan jati diri dan identiti bangsa Malaysia. Inovasi yang telah dilakukan dalam kurikulum sekolah hendakah bersifat kontekstual yang mana lebih tertumpu ke arah kebolehan untuk berfikir secara kritis dan kreaatif. Sifat-sifat ini perlu ditanam dalam diri pelajar kerana ia diyakini mampu membangkit minat ingin belaajar dan meneroka dalam kalangan pelajar. Ghani Nasir (2010) juga ada mengatakan bahawa para pendidik hendaklah memanfaatkan pengintegrasian ICT dan teknologi sebagai pendedahan terbaru kepada para pelajar malah ia juga sesuai dijadikan sebagai alat bantu mengajar dalam kelas. Penggunaan ICT dan teknolgi dalam kelas adalah digalakkan sama sekali untuk memacu keceme...

Emotionless Irrationality Essay

As attested by Dr. Deborah Schurman-Kauflin, the women who murder their children are always ‘narcissistic’ and dramatic (Schurman-Kauflin, 2009). Casey Anthony had an ‘out of sight, out of mind’ outlook following the disappearance of her child Caylee; Casey had always made it clear that she considered taking care of her child a burdensome task. This narcissism and aloofness has caused a wide majority of people in the court of public opinion who are decidedly in favor of a guilty verdict for Anthony. The ‘out-of-sight, out-of-mind’ mentality was clear in the on-going socializing events and parties which continued to occur after her child was gone. Additionally, Casey has shown no outward signs of depression or remorse since her child disappeared. Her promiscuity and partying habits were not deterred by the disappearance of Caylee. In fact, Schurman-Kauflin   suggests the disappearance created a sense of liberation in Casey Anthony, due to the fact that having children is likened to ‘being grounded’ to a narcissistic personality (Schurman-Kauflin, 2009). Her silence in the face of interrogation is parallel to what Dr. Schurman-Kauflin said she saw when she interviewed female serial killers. Female killers tend to believe that if they remain silent, people will believe nothing wrong happened (Ibid). Casey Anthony will likely receive a verdict of guilty, following the overwhelming belief harbored by a majority of news followers who believe she is guilty. The general public has ried out for vengeance for so long, concerning Caylee, that there is little likelihood Casey will be given a ‘not guilty’ verdict. References: â€Å"Mom or Murderer?†. (2010). Investigation Discovery. Retrieved on July 29, 2010 from Investigation.Discovery.com:   http://investigation.discovery.com/blogs/criminal-report/casey_anthony_full_coverage/caylee_anthony.html Schurman-Kauflin, Deborah. â€Å"Casey Anthony†¦ A Criminal Mind?†. (2009). Retrieved on July 29, 2010 from MomLogic.com: http://www.momlogic.com/2008/11/casey_anthonya_criminal_mind.php Sheaffer, Bill. â€Å"No Cake for Casey†. (2010). Retrieved on July 29 2010 from Billsheafer.WordPress.com:

Stat 200 Exam 2

Top of Form Points Awarded| 34. 00| Points Missed| 6. 00| Percentage| 85. 0%| 1. The level of significance associated with a significance test is the probability A)  of rejecting a true null hypothesis. B)  of not rejecting a true null hypothesis. C)  that the null hypothesis is true. D)  that the alternative hypothesis is true. Feedback:  This level of significance, commonly set to ? equal to 0. 05, is used to set the cut-off as the maximum probability a researcher would use in order to reject a true null hypothesis. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 2.A null hypothesis is that the average pulse rate of adults is 70. For a sample of 64 adults, the average pulse rate is 71. 8. A significance test is done and the p-value is 0. 02. What is the  most  appropriate conclusion based on ? of 0. 05? A)  Conclude that the population average pulse rate is 70. B)  Conclude that the population average pulse rate is 71. 8. C)  Reject the hypothesis that the p opulation average pulse rate is 70. D)  Reject the hypothesis that the sample average pulse rate is 70. Feedback:  Since the p-value is less than ? we would reject the Ho the null hypothesis that the population average pulse rate is 70.Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 3. If the result of a hypothesis test for a proportion is statistically significant, then A)  the null hypothesis is rejected. B)  the alternative hypothesis is rejected. C)  the population proportion must equal the null value. Feedback:  When a hypothesis test is statistically significant then we reject Ho the null hypothesis Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 4. Which of the following conclusions is  not  equivalent to rejecting the null hypothesis? A)  The results are statistically significant. B)  The results are not statistically significant.C)  The alternative hypothesis is accepted. D)  The p-value < ? (the significance level) Feedback:  All are eq uivalent conclusions for rejecting Ho except when results are  not  statistically significant (i. e. we do  not  reject Ho) Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 5. Determine if the statement is a typical null hypothesis (Ho) or alternative hypothesis (Ha). There is no difference between the proportion of overweight men and overweight women in America. A)  Null hypothesis B)  Alternative hypothesis Feedback:  Ho refers to no difference or change or equal to.Ha will be the research hypothesis that involves either a difference, greater than, or less than. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 6. A safety officer wants to prove that ? = the average speed of cars driven by a school is less than 25 mph. Suppose that a random sample of 14 cars shows an average speed of 24. 0 mph, with a sample standard deviation of 2. 2 mph. Assume that the speeds of cars are normally distributed. What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses? A)  Ho: ? = 25 and Ha: ? < 25 B)  Ho: ? = 25 and Ha: ? > 25 C)  Ho: ? = 25 and Ha: ? ? 25 D)  Ho: ? ? 25 and Ha: ? = 25E)  Ho: x-bar = 24 and Ha: x-bar < 24 F)  Ho: x-bar = 24 and Ha: x-bar > 24 G)  Ho: x-bar = 24 and Ha: x-bar ? 24 H)  Ho: x-bar ? 24 and Ha: x-bar = 24 Feedback:  The word  less  is the key term in determining the correct Ha expression. Exceeds implies that the investigator is only interested in whether the true  population  mean is  less  than 25. The value of 24 is the  sample  mean. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 7. An ESP experiment is done in which a participant guesses which of 4 cards the researcher has randomly picked, where each card is equally likely. This is repeated for 200 trials.The null hypothesis is that the subject is guessing, while the alternative is that the subject has ESP and can guess at higher than the chance rate. The subject actually gets 70 correct answers out of the 200 trials. Whi ch of the following describes the probability represented by the p-value for this test? A)  The probability that the subject has ESP B)  The probability that the subject is just guessing. C)  The probability of 70 or more correct guesses if the subject has ESP. D)  The probability of 70 or more correct guesses if the subject is guessing at the chance rate. Feedback:  The null hypothesis would be that the subject is guessing, i. . Ho: ? = 1/4. Then the p-value is the probability that if the subject were guessing that they would get 70 or more right Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 8. Suppose the significance level for a hypothesis test is ? = 0. 05. If the p-value is 0. 049, the decision is to A)  reject the null hypothesis. B)  accept the null hypothesis. C)  not reject the null hypothesis. Feedback:  With p-value <e; ? our decision is to reject the null hypothesis Ho Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 9. Which statement is tr ue about x-bar and ? -hat? A)  They are both parameters. B)  They are both statistics.C)  x-bar is a parameter and ? -hat is a statistic. D)  ? -hat is a parameter and x-bar is a statistic. Feedback:  Both x-bar and ? -hat represent statistics. Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 10. Which of the following statements is correct about a parameter and a statistic associated with repeated random samples of the same size from the same population? A)  Values of a parameter will vary from sample to sample but values of a statistic will not. B)  Values of both a parameter and a statistic may vary from sample to sample. C)  Values of a parameter will vary according to the sampling distribution for that parameter.D)  Values of a statistic will vary according to the sampling distribution for that statistic. Feedback:  The population parameter does not vary, however, the values of the statistic will vary based on the sampling distribution of that statistic P oints Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 11. For a random sample of 10 men, the mean head circumference is x = 57. 3 cm and the sample standard deviation is s = 2 cm. The standard error of the sample mean is A)  0. 200 B)  0. 447 C)  0. 500 D)  0. 632 Feedback:  The standard error equals S/Sq. Rt. of N = 2/3. 16 = 0. 632 Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| |Correct Answer(s):| D| 12. Suppose that a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of first-year students at a school who played in intramural sports is 35% plus or minus 5%. The margin of error for the confidence interval is A)  5% B)  35% C)  95% Feedback:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"plus or minus† indicates the margin of error which is 5% Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 13. In a past General Social Survey, a random sample of men and women answered the question â€Å"Are you a member of any sports groups? † Based on the sample data, 95% confidence intervals for the population proportion who wou ld answer yes are 0. 3 to 0. 19 for women and 0. 25 to 0. 33 for men. Based on these results, you can reasonably conclude that A)  at least 25% of American men and American women belong to sports clubs. B)  there is no conclusive evidence of a gender difference in the proportions of men and women who belong to sports clubs. C)  there is conclusive evidence of a gender difference in proportions of American men and American women who belong to sports clubs. Feedback:  Since the two confidence intervals do not overlap there is conclusive evidence that a difference in the proportions exists Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| |Correct Answer(s):| C| 14. In a past General Social Survey, 87% of a random sample of n = 990 respondents answered yes to the question â€Å"Would you approve of an adult male punching a stranger if the stranger had broken into the man's house? † A 90% confidence interval for the proportion of all Americans who approve of punching an intruder is A)  0. 852 to 0. 888 B)  0. 849 to 0. 891 C)  0. 845 to 0. 895 D)  0. 842 to 0. 898 Feedback:  A confidence interval is found by sample statistic  ± Zmultiplier*StandardError. With p-hat of 0. 87, Zmultiplier of 1. 65 and n = 990, the 90% confidence interval is 0. 49 to 0. 891 Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 15. A randomly selected sample of n =51 men in Brazil had an average lifespan of 59 years. The standard deviation was 10 years and the standard error was 1. 400. Calculate a 98% confidence interval for the average lifespan for all men in Brazil. A)  (55. 6, 62. 4) B)  (56. 2, 61. 8) C)  (35. 0, 83. 0) Feedback:  Using degrees of freedom equal to 51 – 1 gives a t* of 2. 40 for confidence level of 98%. The standard error is equal to s/vn = 10/v51 = 1. 400 [given! ]. The interval then is 59  ± 2. 40*1. 400 = (55. 6, 62. 4) Points Earned:| 1. /1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 16. In a random sample of 1000 students, 80% were in favor of longer hour s at the school library. The standard error of ? -hat is approximately: A)  0. 013 B)  0. 160 C)  0. 640. D)  0. 800 Feedback:  The standard error is found by taking the square root of [(0. 80)(0. 20)/1000] = 0. 013 Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 17. A researcher wants to assess if there is a difference in the average age of onset of a certain disease for men and women who get the disease. Let ? 1  = average age of onset for women and ? 2  = average age of onset for men.A random sample of 30 women with the disease showed an average age of onset of 83 years, with a sample standard deviation of 11. 5 years. A random sample of 20 men with the disease showed an average age of onset of 77 years, with a sample standard deviation of 4. 5 years. Assume that ages at onset of this disease are normally distributed for each gender, do not assume the population variances are equal. What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses? A)  ? 1  = ? 2   and Ha: ? 1  ? ?2 B)  ? 1  ? ?2  and Ha: ? 1  = ? 2 C)  ? 1  = ? 2  and Ha: ? 1  < ? 2 D)  ? 1  = ? 2  and Ha: ? 1  > ? 2Feedback:  Since the researcher is interested in detecting only a  difference  this would imply that any difference will do, thus the Ha is ? Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 18. It is known that for right-handed people, the dominant (right) hand tends to be stronger. For left-handed people who live in a world designed for right-handed people, the same may  not  be true. To test this, muscle strength was measured on the right and left hands of a random sample of 15 left-handed men and the difference (left – right) was found. The alternative hypothesis is one-sided (left hand stronger).The resulting t-statistic was 1. 90. This is an example of A)  a two-sample t-test. B)  a paired t-test. C)  a pooled t-test. D)  an unpooled t-test. Feedback:  Since two measurements were taken per individ ual (i. e. for each man sampled muscle strength was measured on his right hand then his left hand) this would be a study using paired data. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 19. It is known that for right-handed people, the dominant (right) hand tends to be stronger. For left-handed people who live in a world designed for right-handed people, the same may  not  be true.To test this, muscle strength was measured on the right and left hands of a random sample of 15 left-handed men and the difference (left – right) was found. The alternative hypothesis is one-sided (left hand stronger). The resulting t-statistic was 1. 90. Assuming the conditions are met, based on the t-statistic of 1. 90 the appropriate decision for this test using ? = 0. 05 and using  T-Table  is: A)  df = 14, so p-value < 0. 05 and the null hypothesis can be rejected. B)  df = 14, so p-value > 0. 05 and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. C)  df = 28, so p-value < 0. 05 and the null hypothesis can be rejected.D)  df = 28, so p-value > 0. 05 and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. Feedback:  From  T-Table  and degrees of freedom equal to 15 ? 1 = 14 and a t-statistic of 1. 90, the p-value is between 0. 025 and 0. 050 which is less than 0. 05 making the appropriate decision to reject Ho. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 20. A shoe company wants to compare two materials, A and B, for use on the soles of boys' shoes. In this example, each of ten boys in a study wore a special pair of shoes with the sole of one shoe made from Material A and the sole on the other shoe made from Material B.The sole types were randomly assigned to account for systematic differences in wear between the left and right foot. After three months, the shoes are measured for wear. Let Ho: ? d  = 0 versus Ha: ? d  ? 0. From this random sample of 10 boys, the sample mean difference was 0. 41 and Sd  was 0. 387. If the p-value for this t est is 0. 009, then for a significance level of alpha = 0. 05, are the results statistically significant? A)  No, results are not statistically significant because the p-value < 0. 05. B)  Yes, results are statistically significant because the p-value < 0. 05.C)  No, results are not statistically significant because the p-value > 0. 05   D)  Yes, results are statistically significant because the p-value > 0. 05. Feedback:  Yes, results are statistically significant because the p-value < 0. 05. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 21. The maximum distance at which a highway sign can be read is determined for a sample of young people and a sample of older people. The mean distance is computed for each age group. What is the most appropriate  null  hypothesis about the means of the two groups? A)  The population means are different.B)  The sample means are different. C)  The population means are the same. D)  The sample means are th e same. Feedback:  The null hypothesis, Ho, would indicate that there is no difference and that this would take place in the population. The sample is used to test for a population difference. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 22. The p-value for a one-sided test for a mean was 0. 04. The p-value for the corresponding two-sided test would be: A)  0. 02 B)  0. 04 C)  0. 06 D)  0. 08 Feedback:  When we go from a 1-sided test of hypotheses to a 2-sided test we would double the p-value.Conversely, going from a 2-sided to a 1-sided we would cut the p-value in half. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 23. A shopper wanted to test whether there was a difference in the average waiting times at the check-out counter among 5 different supermarkets. She selected a random sample of 20 shoppers from each of the five supermarkets. What is the alternative hypothesis for this situation? A)  The average waiting time to check out is 25 minutes for all f ive supermarkets. B)  The average waiting time to check out is the same for all five supermarkets.C)  The average waiting time for each of the 100 shoppers is different. D)  The average waiting time to check out is not the same for all five supermarkets. Feedback:  The alternative hypothesis for an ANOVA test is that all the means are not the same, i. e. the means are not all equal. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 24. Which one of the following choices describes a problem for which an analysis of variance would be appropriate? A)  Comparing the proportion of successes for three different treatments of anxiety. Each treatment is tried on 100 patients.B)  Analyzing the relationship between high school GPA and college GPA. C)  Comparing the mean birth weights of newborn babies for three different racial groups. D)  Analyzing the relationship between gender and opinion about capital punishment (favor or oppose). Feedback:  The dependent (response) v ariable needs to be continuous and the different levels of the independent variable need to be mutually exclusive and categorical. This leads to the correct answer of mean birth weights (continuous response) across three racial groups (mutually exclusive, categorical). Points Earned:| 0. /1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 25. A study compared grade point averages (GPA) for students in a class: students were divided by 6 locations where they usually sat during lecture (i. e. left or right front, left or right center, left or right rear). A total sample size of 12 students was studied (2 students from each section) using one-way analysis of variance. What are the numerator and denominator degrees of freedom for the ANOVA F-test? A)  6 for numerator and 12 for denominator. B)  5 for numerator and 11 for denominator. C)  5 for numerator and 6 for denominator.Feedback:  The numerator degrees of freedom are found by taking the number of group levels minus 1 (this case 6 ? 1 = 5) and the denominator degrees of freedom are found by taking the total sample size minus the number of group levels (12 ? 6 = 6) Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 26. A study compared testosterone levels among athletes in four sports: soccer, track, Lacrosse, and water polo. The total sample size was n =30 (10 soccer, 10 track, 5 Lacrosse, and 5 water polo). A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the population mean levels for the four sports.The sum of squared errors is SS Error = 100. What is the value of the Mean Square Error (MS Error)? A)  10 B)  3. 45 C)  3. 85 Feedback:  The MS Error is equal to the SS Error divided by the Error degrees of freedom (which are equal to the total sample size minus the number of group levels: 30 ? 4 = 26). Therefore, the answer is 100/26 = 3. 85 Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 27. On a survey conducted at a university, students were asked how they felt about their weight (about right, overweight , or underweight), and also were asked to record their grade point average (GPA).There were 235 responses, with 160 saying their weight was about right, 50 said they were overweight, and 17 underweight. The question of interest is whether mean GPA is the same or differs for different weight attitude populations. The test F-statistic value is 4. 98. The p-value of 0. 008 is found by calculating: A)  the area to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 232 degrees of freedom. B)  the area to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 234 degrees of freedom. C)  the area to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 231 degrees of freedom.Feedback:  The p-value is the probability of being greater than the F-statistic or simply the area to the right of the F-statistic with the corresponding degrees of freedom for the group (number of group levels minus 1, or 3 ? 1 = 2) and error (total sample size minus the number of group levels, or 235 ? 3 = 232) Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 28. Ninety people with high cholesterol are randomly divided into three groups of thirty, and a different treatment program for decreasing cholesterol is assigned to each group.The response variable is the change in cholesterol level after two months of treatment. An analysis of variance will be used to compare the three treatments. What null hypothesis is tested by this ANOVA F-test? A)  The sample variances are equal for the three treatment groups. B)  The population variances are equal for the three treatments. C)  The sample means are equal for the three treatment groups. D)  The population means are equal for the three treatments Feedback:  The null hypothesis for an ANOVA test is that all population means are equal. Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 29.A study done by the Center for Academic Integrity at Rutgers University surveyed 2116 students at 21 colleges and universities. Some of the sch ools had an â€Å"honor code† and others did not. Of the students at schools with an honor code, 7% reported having plagiarized a paper via the Internet, while at schools with no honor code, 13% did so. (Sacramento Bee, Feb 29, 2000, D1. ) For this study, which of the following statements about percent increase in risk is correct? A)  There is a 185. 7% increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. B)  There is an 85. % increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. C)  There is a 53. 8% increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. D)  There is a 6% increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. Feedback:  The percentage increase is found by taking the difference in risks between one group minus the baseline and then dividi ng this difference by the baseline risk. Here the answer that makes sense is one using the â€Å"with honor† as the baseline.Doing so produces: (13%-7%)/7% = 85. 7% increase in plagiarism from â€Å"with honor† to â€Å"without honor†. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 30. Which of the following variables  COULD  be used in a Chi-Square analysis? A)  Gender B)  Political Party Affiliation C)  Race D)  Age E)  Course Section Number F)  All of the above Feedback:  All are possible as you could categorize age. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| F| 31. A survey looked at the opinions of 321 respondents from the General Social Survey by whether they owned a gun (or not) and whether they favored (or opposed) a law requiring a permit to own a gun.What is the correct  null  hypothesis for this survey? A)  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law perm it   B)  There is  no  relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   C)  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   D)  There  is  a relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit Feedback:  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit Points Earned:| 1. /1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 32. Based on the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, the percentage of 17-year olds who ever tried cigarette smoking is 56. 2%. The relative risk of ever smoking for a 17-year old versus a 12-year old is 3. 6. What is the risk of smoking for a 12-year-old (i. e. what was the percentage of 12-year olds who ever tried smoking)? A)  14. 1% B)  15. 6% C)  50. 0% D)  56. 2% Feedback:  You need to use algebra to solve: Relative risk (3. 6) = one group of interest (17 year olds who tried smoking = 56. %) divided by another group of interest (12 year olds who tried smoking and is unknown). Solving for the unknown comes to (3. 6)*(0. 562) = 0. 156 or 15. 6% Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 33. A survey examined the opinions of 321 respondents from the General Social Survey by whether they owned a gun (or not) and whether they favored (or opposed) a law requiring a permit to own a gun. What is the correct  alternative  hypothesis for this survey?A)  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   B)  There is  no  relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   C)  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   D)  There  is  a relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regard ing gun law permit Feedback:  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| |Correct Answer(s):| C| 34. A survey examined the opinions of 1447 respondents in the General Social Survey to the question â€Å"Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder? † The purpose of examining the data is to see if there is a gender difference in how people would respond to this question. State the  null  hypotheses for this study. A)  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gender and opinion on the death penalty. B)  There is  no  relationship  in the sample  between gender and opinion on the death penalty.C)  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gender and opinion on the death penalty. D)  There  is  a relationship  in the sample  between gender and opinion on the death penalty. Feedback:   The null hypothesis speaks of no relationship between the variables in the population. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 35. A regression was done for 20 cities with latitude as the explanatory variable (x) and average January temperature as the response variable (y). The latitude is measured in degrees and average January temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.The latitudes ranged from 26 (Miami) to 47 (Duluth) The regression equation is * y = 49. 4 – 0. 313x The city of Miami, Florida has latitude 26 degrees with average January temperature of 67 degrees Fahrenheit. 1. What is the estimated average January temperature for Miami, and  2. based on the regression equation, what is the residual? A)  Estimated January temperature is 36. 88 and the residual is – 11. 88   B)  Estimated January temperature is 36. 88 and the residual is 11. 88   C)  Estimated January temperature is 41. 3 and the residual is – 25.    D)  Estimated January te mperature is 41. 3 and the residual is 25. 7 Feedback:  The estimated January temperature is 41. 3 degrees Fahrenheit. The residual is 25. 7 degrees (residual = observed minus predicted) Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 36. Which of the following correlations indicates a stronger linear relationship between two variables? A)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 0. 90 B)  0. 75 C)  0. 50 D)  1. 25 Feedback:  The correct answer is -0. 90. Recall that the  value  of the correlation indicates the strength and this value cannot be less than – 1 nor greater than + 1 (thus ruling out 1. 5 as an answer). The negative sign just indicates the direction of the relationship (positive or negative) and has no bearing on the strength of the relationship. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 37. What is the effect of an outlier on the value of a correlation coefficient? A)  An outlier will always decrease a correlation coefficient. B)  An outlier will always increa se a correlation coefficient. C)  An outlier might either decrease or increase a correlation coefficient, depending on where it is in relation to the other points.D)  An outlier will have no effect on a correlation coefficient. Feedback:  See the lecture notes! Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 38. A group of adults aged 20 to 80 were tested to see how far away they could first hear an ambulance coming towards them. An equation describing the relationship between distance (in feet) and age was found to be: * Distance = 600 – 3 ? Age Based on the equation, what is the direction of the association between distance and age? A)  Positive B)  Negative C)  ZeroD)  Direction can’t be determined from the equation. Feedback:  The direction of an association can be ascertained by considering the sign of the slope. Since the slope is negative then so is the association. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 39. Past data has shown t hat the regression line relating the final exam score and the midterm exam score for students who take statistics from a certain professor is * final exam = 50 + 0. 5 ? midterm For a student with a midterm score of 50, the predicted final exam score is: A)  50.B)  50. 5. C)  75. D)  100. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 40. Which of the following is a possible values of R2  indicates the strongest linear relationship between two quantitative variables? A)  -90% B)  0% C)  80% D)  120% Feedback:  Remember that the range of R2  is from 0 to 100%. Thus 80% would indicate the strongest linear relationship, i. e. correlation, based on the square root of 0. 8 is greater than the square root or 0. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| Bottom of Form

Debate against death penalty essays

Debate against death penalty essays The death penalty has always been a very controversial issue. Death sentences are usually handed out to people who have been found guilty of capital crime. However it is not so easy to consider death penalty as an easy way to punish the guilty. If the death penalty is to condemn it does not mean that the guilty party should be released or allowed some sympathy. It would defeat the purpose, as it would be using violence to counter violence. How can we tell if a man/woman convicted for murder is really guilty' There may be a margin of error. Would it be right to wrongfully accuse someone and execute him/her' We should look at the ethical downsides This has been a very serious problem for civil rights groups, religious figures and other people who oppose the death penalty. The death penalty has a lot of ethical and religious matters tied to it. There are many who support death penalty while others oppose it staunchly. The death penalty violates the constitutional right of a human being. It is more of a barbaric and cruel punishment against a living human being and can be classified as one of the worst acts of human nature. It defies all religious conventions, as it's not the right of the state to play God and decide who should live and who should be executed. When the law chooses its path it can be biased too as it may be too discriminatory. Civil rights unions have campaigned against the death penalty. The argument against the death penalty is that even though it's a punishment for a murder, it won't hurt to punish the murderer with a less harsh sentence. A death penalty would have been justifiable if it were able to prevent future crimes. However this has not been the case so far. The cruel irony is that the United States of America, which claims to the champion of democracy in the west, is the only nation, which indulges in this cruel and unusual There have been cases where the def...