The Concepts of Case Laws and Statutes Research Paper

The Concepts of Case Laws and Statutes - Research Paper ExampleThe subsidiary foundations right consists of encase law by the coquet of Justice, the general doctrines of the European Union law and external law. The supplementary bases of the European law are unrecorded bases consisting of the Court of Justice of the European Union case law, general principles and international laws. The supplementary foundations are normally of judicial derivation and are applied by the Court of Justice of the EU in cases where the secondary and/or primary legislation may or cannot resolve the matter amicably. From during the 1970s, fundamental rights which are acknowledged as the general principles of the European Union law have been incorporated into the principal legislation in the EU. The EU and its member countries are compelled to abide by the international law, as well as its customary law and treaties, and this fact by itself has finically make it manipulate the growth of the universal p rinciples of the EU. Nevertheless, the Court of Justice of the EU may reject some particular principles of the international law that it regards as contrary with the composition of the EU, for instance, the principle of reciprocity in the achievement of bring up requirements. The Court of Justice of the EU is founded through Article 19 of the Maastricht Treaty and comprises of specialized courts, General Court and Court of Justice. The duty of the court is to ensure that in the application and interpretation of the Treaties the law is strictly observed.

J curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

J curve - Essay ExampleWhen the short duration is considered, the J-curve theory comes into receive (Schaefer, 1995).In the short-term, the export and import prerequisite becomes rigid. Thus, the current poster worsens before it improves. Nevertheless, after some time, the demand becomes less and less rigid. Hence, the price can be manipulated. The effect of this is an enhancement in the current reputationThe current account is the variation in the net foreign position of a demesne. The current account can also be termed as the summation of the returns of all foreign financial assets of a arena and trade balance (Pitchford, 2002). A countrys foreign assets comprises of the capital gains, the interest payments, and the dividends. By exploitation its money, a country is able to buy from foreign countries whenever it deems appropriate. Addition of the liabilities and the foreign assets defines the financial position of a country. Is it in debt or is it in surplus. A current accou nt keeps record of receipts received from and the payments that confine been made to the foreign countries it buys from (Pitchford, 2002).A capital account is a major constituent of the balance of payments of a country. It avails the net capital income and expenditure of a country. The capital account records the financial transactions of a country by way of titles to assets. It angle of dips the foreign transactions to those of the market (Pitchford, 2002). A capital account is made up of purchase and disposal of non-produced, assets that are non-financial, and capital transfers (OECD, 2001).The financial account is the ultimate account in the plentiful order of accounts that lists the financial transactions between the units of the institutions within a country (IMF, 1996). The financial account list is composed of the transactions that intromit liabilities and financial assets occurring between foreigners and the countrys institutional units. Its primary constituents include

Comparing Texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparing Texts - Essay workoutThe ways in which language is utilize to discover its subjective and illusionary nature is different when employed in poetry, plays or novels. Time and intended audience also become factors in how authors choose to seek this element of language. By comparing the social function of language in Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Pirandellos Six Characters in Search of an Author -- both intended for mature, educated audiences -- to the more modern novel Harry tinker and the Philosophers Stone by J.K. Rowling intended for a less mature, less educated audience, it is possible to see how lawfulness is questioned through language. Shakespeares tone in Sonnet 18 is playful and ironic as he subtly drudges fun at the Romantic language that was then informing literature. He uses formalized constructions to take up an idealized sense of his female character consistent with the concepts considered important by the Romantics, Shall I comparison thee to a summers day, / Thou art more lovely and more temperate (Shakespeare, 1969 1456/1-2). However, he never in truth tells his audience anything about this person. All the audience is permitted to know about her is that she exists, even if only in Shakespeares mind. This levity indoors the really formalized, academic poetic world was out of step with his contemporaries. Despite the levity, Shakespeare used a very formalized style, informed by the newly introduced Italian sonnet style but with a twist. Shakespeare sticks to the 14 line structure and the iambic pentameter expected for a sonnet, but he follows his own rhyme evasion that blends more comfortably with the English language (Furniss & Bach, 2007 579, 581, 593). This scheme follows an abab cdcd efef gg pattern. It gave him greater flexibility in matching the rhyme. however then, he found it necessary to stretch the rhyme a bit, as in lines 9-12 But thy everlasting summer shall not fade, / Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst / Nor shall death brag thou departst in his shade, / When in eternal lines to time thou growst. Combined with the relaxed approach taken by his tone, the formal structure of the poem makes it difficult for a modern audience to understand the joke. Through his use of language, Shakespeare brings his subject down from Romantic idealism to the everyday world of the common man. While Shakespeare mentions that Sometimes also hot the eye of heaven shines, / And often is his gold complexion dimmed (5-6), giving the scene a sense of beauty, he keeps his subject on the level of the real by adding the twist of providing his readers with a translation befitting just about any char. Through tone, style and poetic devices such as imagery, Shakespeare manages to poke some fun at the traditional academic approach to poetry by bringing in more common language usage. Shakespeares woman, because of his tone, style and poetic devices, flashes in our minds as a woman of high quality, substance and perhap s even nobility, but still a living, breathing, human woman. In the alike(p) way that Shakespeare uses figurative language to both expose and treat his female subject, Pirandello uses meta-theatre to both expose and hide his characters in Six Characters in Search of an Author. From the beginning, it seems these characters are fully exposed to the audience. There are particularised stage directions provided ensuring that the audience is aware there are no theatrical tricks being employed. Directions at the source of Act I specify the stage should be half dark, and empty, so that from the beginning the public may have the impression of an impromptu performance. The Characters begin to demonstrate their

Sex Education In Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sex Education In Public Schools - try ExampleAs much as proponents argue for it stating some benefits, its drawbacks overshadow them in the long run. genius of the reasons why sex education should non be taught in public schools lies in the fact that the national is not taken seriously by both the students and teachers. The whole affair runs through like a leisure commandment and get hold ofing experience. One proof of this lies in the lack of exams after its classes (Dogra, 2010). Where the students are not to be awarded grades raises concerns as many will not work hard to understand. This then beats its end while related to early(a) courses like mathematics or science. Just as any other recreational course, sex education intends to teach just a few who are willing to learn while others spend the time to do other things.Sex education leads to embarrassment of many students and teachers in the classroom. Considering the tender ages at which it is introduced teachers find it unc omfortable to teach the subject (Dogra, 2010). The same applies to students who become overly excited. At some point students mock others who depict signs of puberty e.g. developed breasts, height and so on. This leads to low self esteem to the ridiculed students which may in the long run affect their education and the whole learning experience. A sex education class in most cases fails to serve the purpose of informing.Sex education is seldom given the respect and time offered to other subjects. Most instances it is offered as an interlude while teaching natural education. This also shows that many schools still do not regard it as important and it is a consequence to their curriculum. Teachers on the other hand are not adequately trained on how to teach it (Dogra, 2010). referable to its extraordinary scope, there is need for them to incorporate other methods other than normal ones. They end up teaching according to their

Business Planning and Forecasting Research Paper

Business Planning and Forecasting - Research Paper Example2008 48 51 21 34 i. Scatter DiagramAs the selective information describes sales for each season for a particular year, with no sign of any multiplicative or exponential jump, therefore the additive feigning should be used to analyze the data. The main reason is the progression, which is quite straight-forward, as comp atomic number 18d to multiplicative plotting, which is more than exponential, with ulterior figures of comparatively much higher(prenominal) observes.ii. Moving Average for Calculation of TrendFor the calculation of lamentable averages, the emergence is done in a way such that each seasons moving average has been metric with the data provided of the past 3 years. The moving averages for each season are as follows.iii. Seasonal IndicesYear draw offOriginal Values(Y)4 Figures Moving good4 Figures Moving Average2 Figures Moving Total2 Figures Moving Average(T) Ratio-to-Moving Average(%)(Y)/ (T)*100 (Seas onal Indices)200614625331843315037.520071521563976.538.2547.0588235324715037.576.538.2586.27450983201523875.537.75137.748344443915839.577.538.75121.2903226200814815438.5783951.2820512825115839.5783910032115939.7579.2539.625121.135646743415438.578.2539.125130.3514377iv. Trend ExtensionThe trend for 2009 is calculated by first formulating a regression formula for the new values using the accustomed data. The methodological analysis used is the Method of Least Squares, as followsQuarter(X)Original...The main reason is the progression, which is quite straight-forward, as compared to multiplicative plotting, which is more exponential, with later figures of comparatively much higher values.For the calculation of moving averages, the process is done in a way such that each seasons moving average has been calculated with the data provided of the past 3 years. The moving averages for each season are as follows.The initial scatter plot suggested that the autumn sales are the lowest of all th e seasons. Also when we calculated the moving averages the result came that the seasonal variations in sales are smothered in the overall run. On this base the new sales figures for 2009 were calculated which were as given above.When the real values of the sales of the three brothers are seen and compared, taking one year at a time, then its is observed that when we take 2006 as a base year, we find that the sales figures for Dick was higher than his two brothers. Also Ricks sales were better than Micks, although the actual figures are lower. Micks sales real values bring in been going continuously down, while those of Ricks have gone down only in 2008. For Dick, the real value of sales has been going up continuously.

Ethics and Local Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and local anesthetic Governance - Case Study ExampleThe council officers might be tempted to use this teaching in a manner that would not be proper or acceptable. It is indeed true that the employees of the council might be indentured by rules and regulations which govern their conduct and ensures the confidentiality with respect to the nurture from the citizens. Nevertheless, despite such(prenominal) ethical requirements, most of the information might be used wrongly in a manner that can affect the citizens.many of the council employees are constantly working to update the information or to get as much information as possible from the citizens. In such a case, they are bound by the rules to ensure that such information is only used for the intended purposed and should not even be accessed by unauthorized persons. It is and so important for the workers to strictly adhere to all these rules and regulations in the most effective way and ensure that confidentiality is adhere d to. In the same way, they should only obtain the relevant information and avoid getting anything that is not required by the council (Singer, 2004). This aspect therefore raises a very important ethical consideration which must be realized.The the true of the information that is unploughed in the index largely depends upon the sincerity of the citizens who avail the information. In some instances, some citizens might chose to provide inaccurate information which will eventually affect the overall information kept in the database. Common ethics require that the citizens comply with the requirements and provide as accurate information as possible. However, some people might choose to lie or give inaccurate information for their individual(prenominal) good. In this case, the council would be working on inaccurate information in the provision of its services in the area. It is very important that every citizen clearly understands why this

Charles Wilbert White and David Hammons - Finding cross-influence Research Paper

Charles Wilbert White and David Hammons - Finding cross-influence through a semiotic eyeshot - Research Paper ExampleHammonds accompanied the Chouinard art institute in Los Angeles, California from1966 to 1968.Later he attended the Otis r use of goods and services Institute where one of his teachers was the renowned Charles White. Hammonds finally settled in the city of innovative York from where he more or lessly worked. He is recognized as a performance artist, installation artist, and sculptor. Hammons made a significant contribution to the world of art. His work speaks of overtones of culture that employ provocative materials and aspects, for example chicken parts, strands of hair, and dirt cheap wine bottles and elephant dung. Although some critics heavily criticized this, Hammons saw some kind of ritualistic power in them and that was the tenability that he used them so frequently. Hammons work is generally centered in the black urban desktop experience. He uses element s like sarcasm and irony to confront cultural stereotyping and race related issues. Hammons received the MacArthur caller award in 1991. David Hammons first gained his popularity through a series of highly creative and magnificent corpse prints body paints that saw revolution in the American paints art industry in the early 1970s. unmatchable of his most popular and greatest art works is the paintwork entitled the injustice case of the 1973 drawn in Los Angeles. This highly contradictive paintwork raised numerous interests especially in relation to contemporary racial issue that was most prevalent in the United States during those times. Hammons is an example of an artist that used a large number of ocular styles and therefore he did not restrict himself to a single style. This made him stand pop among other artists of his generation. Hammons works read been collected and exhibited in various art shows and seminars although he mostly prefers to sell his collections privately . nigh of the institutions that have collected Hammonds works include The Contemplary Art Museum in Chicago, The New York Museum of modern art and the Museum of Contemplary Art in Chicago amongst others. Hammons art sought to understand the place of Black people in American society. This is more vivid in his work though in a variety of ways and use of different kinds of media. This he did by avoiding one signature visual style. He shared lots of concern of why the blacks were never allowed to participate in many public affairs and could not be seen alter to nation building (Constance 63). With the cross-cultural society and tension among the various cultural groups, his work managed to point out both private and public gaps and tried to define the components of a highly valued product. Illustration of much(prenominal) is found in Bliz-aard Ball Sale of 1983, which is his performance work putting himself alongside street vendors in downtown Manhattan in order to sell snowballs who se prices vary with their sizes. This brought about paradox on the product organism exchanged and clears information on the capitalistic nature of art. It is satirical in the sense that it brought the whiteness, criticizing luxury of racial classification. He also tried to put across social realities faced by the street vendors who have been discriminated against by virtue of their class or race. As

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Organizational Behavior - Essay Examplef system of rulesal behavior leads to good relationships among the employees, brusk organisational behavior instruction can lead to poor performance among the individual employees and groups (McGinnis, 2006). Group kinetics affect the operations of organizations. In most cases, group dynamics negatively affect the employee performance. Various theories explain factors responsible for the various behavioral types employees exhibit towards each other. The divergence theory explains the various causes of behavior in an organizational context. The organizational structure, people, technology and the working environment ar the most important factors influencing organizational behavior (McGinnis, 2006). If there is the absence of joy and happiness in the workplace, analyze the causes of these incidences is the only way of solving these problems.Meetings are an important component for effective management. Despite the escalated issues affecting the organization bovver time, and issues in the meetings, the organization has not done away with the meetings. The role played by meetings in the management process and polity formulation strategies has considerable effects in any organization. They help in the policy implementation process by designing the way and direction the organizations should take. In an effort to achieve pattern operations in the organization and meetings serve their intended purpose, discipline is essential. Calling of names, flaming emails between co-workers, prescribed charges brought to HR, uncivil behavior in meetings leading, sometimes, to screaming, name-calling, and physical threats is an indication of unmotivated, stressed and an organizational work that lacks morals. Changing the organizational structure is one of the ways of achieving the change (Hofstede, et al., 1997). According to systems theory, organizations are organs comprised of different parts performing a similar task. However, the c riteria of organizing these parts determine the

Physical Activity and Energy Pathways Coursework

visible Activity and vigour Pathways - Coursework ExampleWhen I make healthy everyday exercise choices, I function to make better food choices. Fruits and vegetables replace candy bars and chips in my diet when I am making better food choices. In my mind, I feel exercise should not be sabotaged by poor food choices. This affects my social activities as well. Instead of going to the movie with friends and family, I chose to do more(prenominal)(prenominal) physical activities. For example, I will go bowling or skating. I like to be more active. This is all due to my effort to walk a couple of miles a day.The three fitness activities in which I have been involved and in which I will describe Energy Pathways will be running, swimming, and tennis. The three Energy Pathways are adenosine triphosphate-CP, LA, and O2. ATP-CP can be defined as Adenosine Triphosphate which is a chemical unite formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles. The ene rgy released by the breakdown of this complex can make the cells perform work. The breakdown of ATP produces energy and ADP. CP or Creatine Phosphate is a compound stored in the muscle, which when broken down aids in the manufacture of ATP. The combination of ADP and CP results in ATP. LA or Lactic Acid is a fatiguing metabolite of the lactic acid system cause by the partial breakdown of glucose. O2 is when in aerobic running ATP is produced from food mainly fat and sugar. This system produces ATP in abundance and is the prime energy source during endurance activities. When endurance running the Energy Pathways employ are 10% ATP-CP and LA, which occurs in the first 1-45 seconds. The LA-O2 Energy Pathways are used 20% in the 45-120 seconds. The O2 is used 70% for the rest of the activity. During swimming the Energy Pathways used are 10% ATP-CP and LA, which occurs in the first 1-45 seconds. The LA-O2 Energy Pathways are used 20% in the 45-120 seconds.

SMALL BUSINESS MARKET RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SMALL BUSINESS MARKET RESEARCH - Essay ExampleThis report seeks to guide out a market research for a sole trader in the UK market. The harvest-festival in contention is Nomido Pizza. This is a fast food product that forget target university students and therefore will be located close to The University of Liverpool so that it serves the students both in and out of campus. With the growing concern virtually the wellness of young people, this product will be a pizza, just like the others but distinctly made from natural and locally available food items. No additives and chemical combinations in the ingredients. The unique marketing proposition (USP) will be Deli precise within, quality maintained to the natural taste. This is a product that seeks to take consideration of the health status of young people and therefore there is bound to be a very high profile sales to the students given that they already have this knowledge of health and have dynamic minds subject to change on wha t they consume. 3.0 Considerable Market Factors 3.1 Suitability and Risks This is a very commensurate enterprise for a sole trader as the factors considered in establishing it constitute a overconfident trend. The location, raw materials, human resource, market demand, competition, laws, the technology and the expected returns are bound to be good. This venture is suitable for a single business owner because it is economical on all economic and human factors as listed before (Ashton, 2007, p. 21). Having considered the suitability of these factors, it is a viable cause of action as the likeliness that the students will sustain health as opposed to quantity and junk is probable. Moreover, as a sole trader, there is always the chance one could get family members to help in the operation as well as employ a few workers to take care of the workload (OECD, 2000, p. 11). This food industry choice can be punctuated by the fact that there is knowledge of catering and hospitality which p uts up an advantageous position in the operations of the business. There is however several risks relate in sole trading. McDonald and Hawkins (2012) clearly indicated the sacrifice that should be put into becoming a sole trader. The major risk is the liability risk. Sometimes the operations may be led by over-ambition this may create liabilities and if there will be inability to serve well these, personal assets may be taken to cover for this. The heavy burden of decision making is a risk that can never be overlooked. One wrong decision may lead to engine block of the business given that the decision will be binding in all situations. Other risks involved could take the form of lacking time off and lack of prestige in the business (Cruz-Cunha & Varajao, 2010, p. 97). 3.2 propose Market Segment A combination of segmentation bases will be at work in this case. The choice of a university environment reflects their prevailing knowledge of the need to change from the current consum ption methods to clean better methods. The geographic lineation of this segment is because it is very populated and therefore the market is concentrated at a home base as found out by Emmanuel (2006). Shah (2010) also noted that an urban place where population density is high increases demand for a product. The demography is consistent with the young people whose is that of

Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Research Paper

Maya Angelous I fare Why The Caged Bird Sings - Research Paper ExampleIt is important to consider the roles of the females in her life as well as those of the males. She seems to gather her greatest resources from the female society of relatives and friends, and she likewise strengthens her strong female affinities as a result of the negative relationships and experiences she finds in most of the male characters. Knowledge is passed to Maya done the female mystify figures in her life this includes her mother, her grandmothers, and Mrs. Flowers. Her first and foremost female relationship, as depicted in Caged Bird, with her paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, whom Maya and her brother Bailey call Momma. The young siblings are shipped to Momma, in Stamps, Arkansas, by their parents. It is she who raises them during their early childhood years in this artless s step forwardhern setting of the early 1930s. Momma is known as a good-looking woman, but Maya sees her th roughly diffe rent eyes. I saw only her power and strength. She was taller than any woman in my personal world, and her transfer were so large they could span my head from ear to ear (46). Momma had been married three times. She had deuce sons, one of whom is Mayas father, Bailey, Sr. Maya accepts Momma as a mother figure and role model. She teaches Maya through her quarrel and through her actions. Maya learns from Momma how racism plays a part in their lives and how to handle and recognize it (47). An important trade protection in the book to Mommas strength is how she deals with the powhitetrash girls who come up to the store and taunt her. They mock her stance and her nervus facialis expressions, and then one girl does a handstand, and in so doing reveals her lack of undergarments. Momma stands her ground in the face of this insult, and though seemingly powerless, she finds her strength within her will. She wills herself to rise above the whole scene. Not strange her slave ancestors, she sings and hums in the face of adversity (32,33) Momma tells Maya to wash the tears from her face. And as Maya complies she observes, Whatever the contest had been out front, I knew Momma had won (33). Already, the author recognizes the power, strength, and spirit of her grandmother and appreciates her life and teachings. Her world was bordered on all sides with work, duty, religion and her place. I dont think she ever knew that a deep-brooding love hung over everything she touched (57). In her work, The Grandmother in Afri fire and African/American Literature, Mildred Hill-Lubin discusses Grandmother Henderson and others like her. Hill-Lubin calls these women the sheroes of the time (p. 266). She talks approximately how the African family has suffered under the burden of slavery and colonialism. However, she feels that the reason for its perseverance and survival is the grandmother. The grandmothers role, function and importance can be traced to the revered status, position, and re sponsibilities which elders hold in West African society (Hill-Lubin 258). The grandmother often kept up(p) a household which consisted of her unmarried or married children and of her grandchildren in this way the resources were pooled. The 1930s was a period of rough times, and there wasnt enough money for individuals to live separately. Consequently, some would strike out on their own, as did Mayas parents, and the childrearing was left wing to the grandmother. She had to be tough and strong in order to pull things together in so some ways for the entire family Both of Mayas grandmothers are strong, independent, skillful women who are able to manage their

Encounter point Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Encounter point - Movie Review Exampleed activities that occur layabout the scenes, from regular citizens, to improve social and political relationships between Palestinian and Israeli sights. there is no literal effort to charge that one side or the other is more dedicated toward peace or that one particular political side is more aggressive in continuing violence. The film, instead, attempts to simply show the frustrations and social anxieties that baffle from ongoing war and how they impact thoughts, emotions and the family structure not to mention association relationships.There is one scene in the movie where there atomic number 18 members of both the Palestinian group and the Israeli culture that are working together in what is referred to as the Bereaved Families Forum which attempts to group these people together to discuss different misunderstandings and open positive dialogue between both political groups. It shows how equivalent both groups are in relation to thei r desires to achieve peace and avoid ongoing violence that continues to split up positive relationships. Encounter Point is a hopeful film that shows that many of the problems between these two groups come from simple misunderstandings and that there are members of both groups that are ready to pave the way toward peace. The film attempts to utilize a symmetrical view of the importance and needs of both political parties, therefore the interests of both are represented sufficiently throughout the film.One of the main advantages of this film is that is does not involve political parties and their experience high-level interests, instead it shows the plight of this conflict from the viewpoint of those most affected by it the regular community citizen. The filmmakers decided politicians come and go but whats happening on the street is whats most important. (Freeman, 2010, p.1). This film recognises that wake political viewpoints would give this film an unbalanced view and would be more of a political documentary than a piece of sociology work that

Sales of bonds backed by riskier US corporate loans have surged to Essay

gross sales of bonds backed by riskier US corporate loans have surged to their highest direct in seven years, helping to discharge a leveraged lending boom that is concerning regulators - Essay ExampleFurthermore, the low-interest-rate environment, more credit spreads, and promising laws have bolstered umpteen performance metrics to better than pre-crisis levels. It is predicted that the asset class will experience growths stemming from the attractive returns offered by the CLOs in comparison to similar collaterals.A collateralized loan obligation can be make outd to be the entire incorporate financial transactions where several degrees of equity and debt are delivered via special service vehicles that are primarily placid of commercial loans. Specifically, a distinction exists between a Collateralized loan obligation and bond obligations or mortgage obligations in that CLO in that they are debt securities that are collateralized by commercial loans. The Collateralized Loan Ob ligations work on a purchase basis. Typically, the degree and extent of the investment in the Collateralized Loan Obligations depends on the risk tolerance level of the investor, such that, risk tolerant investors receive more returns on their investment relative to risk antipathetic investors. Comparatively, a case of a default on loans leads to the risk averse investors reaping the most (Westerfeld, & Weber, 2010, p. 75)Throughout the trine quarter of 2008, the market experienced one of the worst financial crisis ever experienced in the twenty-first century. The crisis was characterized by the failure of major business and reduction in consumer wealth by huge margins (Westerfeld, & Weber, 2010, p. 70). Nevertheless, experts argue that the bursting of the hold bubble in 2006 led to the plummeting of the pricing in the real estate business, an issue that shamed most financial institutions. Key among the players in the causes was the Collateralized Loan Obligations that acted a s ubstantial part in the sub-prime of the housing boom. With the continued growth of the CLO throughout 2005, more focus shifted to the use of subprime mortgages as collateral against

Shells international business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Shells international business - Research Paper ExampleEven though there are many energy sources, crude oil seems to be the most popular energy source in the worldly concern even now. It is often said that the economic growth of a country depends on its talent to produce or import oil resources at the cheaper measure. This is because of the fact that the majority of the industrial equipment and automobiles in the world are using oil as the fuel. Global economic growth is linked to oil prices. whatsoever fluctuations in oil prices may create immense economic changes as well as changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, unemployment and inflation rates in the world. For example, the 1973 -1975 oil price hike has take aback the world economy. The growth rate fell to 2.1% in 1974 and to 1.45 in 1975. The worldwide trade growth rate also dropped heavily from 12% in 1973 to -5.4% in 1974 and -7.3 in 1975. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has dropped from 40% in 1973 to half of it in 1974 (Oil prices and the world(prenominal) economy, n. d). According to a study by IMF Research section (2000), there will be a transfer of income from oil consumers to oil producers there will be a rise in the cost of production of goods and services in the economy. In short, oil seems to be an essential commodity required for global economic growth. In the oil business, the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies needs no introduction in the global market. They are one of the largest global group of energy and petrochemicals companies with around 92000 employees in more than 70 countries and territories.

Week 5 discusison and participation questions Essay

hebdomad 5 discusison and participation questions - Essay ExampleThe cycles differ in methodology, time requirements, documentation requisites, man hours needed, and complexity.The accounts collectible account is very important because most acquisition and payment transactions go through that account. receivable to the fact that the accounts payable account is usually material attenders often have to use extensive uninflected procedures and tests of details of balances. Accounts payables rear be defined as unpaid obligations for goods and services. The methodology to perform an audit of accounts payables is illustrated in the following stepsIt is amazing how accurate and reliable independent audits of financial statements are. There are tens of thousands of audits performed one-year on public companies and auditors accurately determine when any material misstatement or fraudulent activity occurs. ii analytical procedures that can be used to compare data and information from th e financial statements is vertical and swimming analysis. The use of statistical models can help auditors determine the audit risk very accurately. Material misstatements can be identified accurately by the auditors when they have the full honest co carrying into action of the accounting and managerial staff.Your estimation of the importance of test controls is very accurate. If an auditor determines that the managerial staff established good internal controls the auditor has a better audit trail to follow. Substantive test are critical for auditors to determine whether a company is subject to audit risks. If a company has internal weaknesses within the accounting department of the essence(p) tests can detect these types of accounting anomalies. It is true that auditors often assumed that if the internal controls of the company are significant the risk of fraudulent behavior is lower.The ability of auditors to identify risks and ways to fix those risks to improve the efficiency of an operation is a value added proposition of auditing work. Substantive

PATCH ADAMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PATCH ADAMS - Essay ExampleAnd even subsequently being kicked out of school and sued in court, he manages to win the case. He eventu all in all toldy lays the groundwork for a medical clinic built around his philosophy. Over time, both patients and physicians become fond of him. The film ends with his graduation, where he receives a standing ovation for his innovative reforms in the field of medicine and health care. The filmmakers decided to choose a cast of different age groups and orientation. All through the film, you discover that the main character is much sure-enough(a) than his fellow colleagues, but even that is justified in the story. musical composition, unlike his friends, is not mindful of what others think of him. His younger colleagues seem to see things differently. They put their medical education in high regard, and they expect to conform to all the norms and practices of a professional doctor. But Patch sees growth and improvement within the profession. His ca re is patient-centered, and whenever he meets a patient in need, he comes up with the proper and effective technique to care for him, regardless of the rules. In one of the scenes, Patch and the other students are being toured around the harbor. Their clinical instructor seems oblivious to the patients needs. Patch sees this and takes the opportunity to say hi to her, which cheers her up. This ends up irritating the teacher. He then secretly enters the childrens ward and plays the part of a clown to cheer up the children. The nurses observing this, ask him to help them with one mentally ill man who the rest of the hospital staff fear to see, he bravely enters his room dressed as an angel and manages to soften up the man. He uses various therapeutic styles for different age groups, and they all prove effective.

Great Train Robbery Essay Example for Free

Great Train Robbery EssayHenry Hill, the reputation of Martin Scorseses hire Goodfellas (1990), used to say As far back as I nominate remember, Ive always wanted to be a gangster . The reason of the crime takes and gagnster icons being of success with a public partly lies in this sublimated desire of an ordinary man to be as powerful, energetic, and historied as the criminals commemorated in mass-media. Rafter (2000, p. 3) explained the popularity of the genre by its fictional possibilities crime packs offer us inappropriate sorts of satisfaction the reality of what we fear to be true and the fantasy of overcoming that reality the pleasure of entering the part of the forbidden and illicit and the security of rejecting or escaping that realm in the end. The crime film is traditionally associated with the American tradition of the early twentieth century, when romantic tales about heroes conquering promising spaces of the New World prairies were superseded by the not a le ss romantic sagas about daring individuals conquering updated urban localities.Shadoian (2003, p. 3) referred to the crime film as a prominent context for both forming and reflecting the American imagination. Audience has been enjoying crime movies since 1903, when Edwin S. gatekeeper shot his Great Train Robbery. More than a hundred years of our experience with the crime film taught the public, critics, directors and producers many lessons. Shadoian (2003, p.3) identified three reasons for the genres longevity (1) the issues it addresses have always been central to the American experience (2) its formal properties have given them a clarity of outline and lucidity of exposition and (3) it has been ceaselessly flexible in adapting itself to shifting social and cultural conditions. But hardly is it absolutely right to stress the importance of the crime film for the American culture exclusively. The present dissertation analyses thirteen films made at bottom the crime movie context .Only six of them were produced by the USA-born directors (1) William A. Wellman (1896 Brookline, Massachusetts, USA 1975 Los Angeles, California, USA) The Public Enemy (1931) (2) Raoul Walsh (1887 New York, New York, USA 1980 Simi Valley, California, USA) The Roaring mid-twenties (1939) White Heat (1949) (3) Martin Scorsese (b. 1942 Queens, New York, USA) Goodfellas (1990) Gangs of New York (2002) (4) Quentin Tarantino (b. 1963 Knoxville, Tennessee, USA) Pulp Fiction (1994).Though the film Brother (2000) is part made in the United States settings, its creator is a famous Japanese director Takeshi Kitano (b. 1947 Tokyo, Japan). He is as well as responsible for another example of the crime movie, Hana-bi (aka Fireworks 1997). The other five films under analysis belong to the British directors (1) John Boulting (1913 Bray, Berkshire, England, UK 1985 Sunningdale, Berkshire, England, UK) Brighton Rock (1947) (2) Mike Hodges (b. 1932 Bristol, England, UK) Get Carter (1971) ( 3) John Mackenzie (b. 1932 UK) The Long Good Friday (1980)(4) Jonathan Glazer (b. 1965 London, England, UK) Sexy sentient being (2000) (5) Paul McGuigan (b. 1963 Bellshill, Scotland, UK) Gangster No. 1 (2000). It would be more correct to identify the reasons for the crime film being a success outside the boundaries of national mentalities. Leitch (2002) based his definition of the crime film within the conceptual context of culture earlier than the national background. He (Leitch 2002, p. 14) argued that, a crime culture depends on normalizing the unspeakable, a place where crime is both shockingly disruptive and completely normal.Crime may have different metaphorical valences in different criminal subgenres it can demonstrate the fragility of the social coerce in thrillers about innocent men on the run, attack the economic principles of the establishment in gangster films, express philosophical despair in films noirs, test masculine professionalism in private-eye films but it is always metaphorical. all(prenominal) crime in every crime film represents a larger critique of the social or institutional order either the films critique or some characters.Finally, crime films dramatize not solely the distinctive roles of criminal, victim, and avenger but also their interdependence and their interpenetration. Evidently, critics and spectators are lured to the genre by its flexibility and visual image of the concepts otherwise unseen or too repulsive to deal with in ordinary life. It is hypothesised that national mentalities print the themes of crime movies but generic methods of the crime film depend rather on directors individual backgraounds rather than on their nationality.

Bureau of Correction Essay Example for Free

place of Correction EssayCorrections in the Philippines started during pre-colonial times when the projection was community-based. It was only during the Spanish regime that an organized corrective service was made operational. The main penitentiary was the over-the-hill Bilibid prison house at Oroquieta Street in Manila which was established in 1847. It was formally opened on April 10, 1986 by a Royal Decree. About four years later, on August 21, 1870, the San Ramon Prison and punishable Farm in Zamboanga City was established to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the Spanish rule. The facility which faced the Jolo Sea had Spanish-inspired dormitories and was originally set on a 1,414-hectargon sprawling estate. When the Americans took over in the 1900s, the Bureau of Prisons was created infra the Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act none 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an agency under the incision of Commerce and Police.It also paved the way for the re-establishment of San Ramon Prison in 1907, which was destroyed in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. It placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons and started receiving prisoners from Mindanao. Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison and penal Farm, the Americans established in 1904 the Luhit punishable closing ( nowadays Iwahig Prison and punishable Farm) on a vast reservation of 28,072 hectares. It would reach a total the three estates area of 40,000 hectares in the late 1950s. It was located on the western most part of the archipelago far from the main town to confine incorrigibles with the hope of rehabilitation. The area was expanded to 41,007 hectares by virtue of Executive Order No. 67 issued by Governor modernton Gilbert on October 15, 1912. Other penal colonies were established during the American regime. On November 27, 1929, the Correctional universe for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong City was created under Act No. 3579 while the Davao Penal colony in Southern Mindanao was opened on January 21, 1932 under Act No. 3732.The CIW was founded to provide complexify facilities for women offenders. To date, there are two Correctional Institutions for Women, the one mentioned in Mandaluyong and the other one is located in Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Dujali, Davao Del Norte. Owing to the increasing number of committals to the old Bilibid Prison in Manila, the New Bilibid Prison was established in 1935 in the southern suburb of Muntinlupa City. The old prison was transform into a receiving center and a storage facility for farm produce from the colonies. It was later abandoned and is now under the jurisdiction of the Public Estates Authority. After the American regime, two more penal institutions were established.These were the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro under proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954 and Leyte regional Prison under proclamation No. 1101 issued on January 16, 1973. The Bureau o f Prisons was renamed Bureau of Corrections under the New Administrative Code of 1987 and Presidential Proclamation No. 495 issued on November 22, 1987. It is one of the attached agencies of the Department of Justice. The Bureau of Corrections presently has seven satellite prisons, namely the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City, the Correctional Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City, the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro, the Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte, the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City and the Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Dujali, Panabo, Davao Del Norte.Of these prison satellites, the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City as the Central military position serves as the main penitentiary as the Central office is also located in there. As of August 2012, the total population of prisoners confined in all satellites of the BuCor is 20,000. It is at this juncture , that handling, managing and taking care of the records of these inmates are of complex types of work which have to be performed by the competent personnel assigned at the inpatient Document and Processing Division.

Current Event- Foxconn Essay Example for Free

Current Event- Foxconn EssayHaving a business organisation in the electronic industry is difficult because this industry is very competitive. To confine at the homogeneous level as other competitors or rise above, companies have to be more innovative and efficient. Companies atomic number 18 often under pressure to find the lowest-cost providers, and typically are free to look globally. This is where outsourcing and offshoring comes into effect, along with the worry in finding balance in the corporation when dealing with various societies and their culture. In order to stay at the same level as other companies or rise above, orchard apple tree Inc. outsourced and offshored its jobs to many countries. This denomination shows that Apple, being a multination corporation (MNC), has a blend of polycentric and regio-centric predisposition management strategies, dealing with gracious rights and job practices. Apple at first made management decisions that were tailored to suit the culture, in this case, China however, everyplace the years, Apple has been scrutinized for their human rights and labor practices cod to offshoring and outsourcing of jobs. In 2010 there were numerous amounts of suicides that fleetred within the agentive roleies that Apple outsourced its jobs to.These suicides were due to bad working and living conditions, which stemmed from 60 hour work weeks, low pay, abuse on the job and countless other reasons. Since Apple subcontracted their business to other companies, in this case Foxconn in China, Foxconn hind end manage their facility the way they want to, to a certain extent. There are many reasons as to why there have been many suicides at these overseas factories. However, one major contributing factor to the numerous suicides is the abuse that workers deal with. It has been reported that managers of Foxconn have been known to abuse workers for mistakes or missing deadlines. check to Trompeanaars cultural dimensions, this abus e could be due to China being a particularistic culture, in which conflicts quarter arise when doing business with another country which has a universalistic culture. And this is where the obligations of Apple being a MNC comes into play.Does Apple adopt the regulations of the U.S. or those in China? It seems to me that Apple decides to do some of both. Since Apple has many suppliers in different countries, it is only fitting to believe that Apple is changing its management decisions, concentrating on human rights and labor practices, towards region-centric strategies for profitability and public acceptance. Some of the more difficult to understand or solve good problems occur as corporations do business in other societies where ethical standards differ from those at home. This article besides ties into corporate social responsibility (CSR). As a response to the many suicides in 2010, Apple created the provider Responsibility Progress Report to help drive the change that needed t o occur in the ethical aspect of the company.This report consisted of driving change, empowering employees, protecting foreign contract workers, preventing underage labor, monitoring compliance (through audits), responding to suicides, guardianship suppliers accountable, and moving forward. To further enhance the companys CSR, in March, Apple and its Foxconn supplier reached an agreement to add-on wages from 16 to 25 percent, and to improve working conditions for the 1.2 million workers assembling Apple products. Since Apple Inc has outsourced and offshored the business to other companies, it continues to deal with ethical issues the most.Although Apple has created and implemented policies to bring more balance between the different societies and cultures, there will still be issues because there is no universally adopted standard for what is bankable behavior. However, since Apple is considered a top leader in the electronic industry, implementation of improved labor practices an d human rights can help other western companies to bring about change as well as how they do business in not only China, but other countries where there are difficulties in dealing with different societies and cultures.

The mayor of Casterbridge Essay Example for Free

The mayor of Casterbridge renderAnalyse the first two chapters of The Mayor of Casterbridge and discuss how far they act as a prologue to the suspension of the novel In The Mayor of Casterbridge the opening two chapters are a good indicator of Hardys sprint and act as a prologue to the rest of the novel. Hardys style places considerable focus on im get onry and the vista around the pillow slips. He used the writing techniques at this scene setting to help you understand the mount in which the characters act. During the first chapter, Hardy describes Henchard as a fine figure, swarthy, and stern in aspect except he is non named at first. It symbolises that this could be any man, or could relate to the reader in somehow and makes the reader look at this character from a different angle as if we might hold up him rather then seeing him as Henchard. Susan Henchard, Henchards married woman, is described to be so faint as to be almost invisible she becomes a less important par t as the plot thickens.Another character mentioned is Elizabeth-Jane the first. The reader is given very few descriptions towards her because she is only a small child. We call her the first because beyond chapter 2 the reader is told that this Elizabeth-Jane died 3 months after the auction and the second child of Susan Henchard is called Elizabeth-Jane and is the sailors daughter not Henchards. Elizabeth the second is much like a father in a way but at her meeting with Henchard, she gives him her name and Henchard believes her to be his daughter.In the second chapter the reader only knows Elizabeth as Susans grown up daughter not Elizabeth-Jane. The reader is given other characters, the furmity doll who offered Henchard the rum that got him drunk leading to the auction, the plain people who were in the tent who egged on and teased Henchard to sell his wife and Newton, Susan Henchards second husband, who bought Susan. They represent the realm people of the time. Hardy draws the readers imagination away from the business of the cities and into the openness of the rudeside.This gives the effect of a close village, that everyone knows everyone elses name, age and business round the community and that a large event like an auction of a wife would be unforgettable. They are used to the quiet and simple way of life rather than the complex slipway of the cities. Hardy illustrates the characters act in their setting by using lots of imagery. He uses natures harmony to channelize humans disharmony. The description of the characters and their surroundings is excellently detailed, with use of a broad vocabulary. He uses description effectively.He draws the readers attention to the characters by using strong imagery, showing natures harmony, to represent the tension and strain on the espousals of the Henchards, humans disharmony. The characters are similarly of their time period with their language, they use dialectal English as healthful as their regional accent s. Henchard was very open virtually his marriage life while he was in his drunken state. He seemed to feel that marriage is the biggest mistake a man can make and that it is for fools. When the jibe met the turnip-hoer, Henchard asked about work needed in the village.This is evidence to show, due to the industrial revolution, work in the country was short, and with all these new machines around, many homes were taken down. Although Henchard doesnt approve of all these new ways of life, he at long last will use them showing that he realises people must change. Another theme present is the conception of is fate. If the auctioneer had not got involved and shouted what was up for auction, the sailor may not have bought her, had the furmity lady not had the rum, Henchard would never have got the idea to sell Susan.Hardy changes Henchard from a poor, unknown man to a respected and powerful member to the society. The auction had turned him in to a new man because it laboured him to re consider his life. Hardy uses third person narration for this composition. He obviously likes to be the narrator of the story rather than be involved. He encourages readers to carry on reading by only giving us certain information about hes characters for example he says a young man and woman but he does not give us their names. His language gives a great contribution to the opening of the novel.He uses varied sentences structure to keep the writing interesting. He continues this with a great variety of vocabulary make use of his education. The opening chapters are probably the most important parts of the story. By the terrible serve of the wife sale, Henchard goes on to make himself a better man by vowing never to touch another(prenominal) drink the years he had lived. As he grows older, he has achieved himself a high position in life and his community. Susan did not change she was still the same person, quiet, faint still she was almost invisible. This makes it her most pivot al part to the novel.The time lapse seems interesting, as the setting changes but not the personality of the characters, excluding Henchard. This is where we met Elizabeth-Jane as a young adult but not Henchards daughter but the sailors, Newton. This novel and its opening chapters are a typical Hardy style. From looking closely at Chapters 1 and 2, it is clear that this is an unusual way to get moving a book but yet it is interesting. It encourages you to read on and find out more about the man the woman and the latter they carried with them as they walked into Weydon-Priars.

Branch and Palm Trees Essay Example for Free

Branch and Palm Trees EssayIt was raining, I didnt kindred rain. In fact, I didnt like any kind of weather. That was why I scarcely left my house when I had to. I was just heading to my bed so I could relax and finish the book that I was currently reading, it was aboutwait, I forgot the name..it was something about a girl who volunteered for her little sister to play off to the death.wait It was called The Hunger Games Then It was all a blackout and I was sound asleep. I woke up to the sound of crashing waves and the taste of salt and sand grains in my mouth. I opened my eyes, and at first I thought I was dreaming. Somehow, after a while, I could tell it wasnt a dream. It was real. All I could see was blue salt water crashing on the sand shore in front of me. I stood up and touched the water, it felt fairly warm so I could tell I was somewhere be placements California (where I lived at the time). I look over the horizon to see only blue skies. This worries me. I am still in my pajamas that are yellow with green decoration trees.I turn around and see a fairly sized island with mostly all palm trees jammed together into groups. I start walk to the palm trees, my tintings to what has just happened were kind of jumbled and I was confused. Im halfway to the closest palm tree when I hear the bushes on my left side rustling. It could be my imagination or it could be the ocean breeze. I didnt know which. To my surprise, it was neither. I thrust aside the bush only to see a huge lizard lumber out.I agitate that off and continued walking towards the palm trees again. I reach the edge and start walking in. The farther I went in the darker it would get because of the dense vegetation. I had nothing else to do, so I continued walking farther and farther in. I tried carving lines into every tree trunk I passed so I could possibly find my way back. Eventually I gave up on that (It was to much work). The temperateness was going down and now all I was thinking ab out was where I was going to sleep. I came up with the idea to make a cushion of some kind and then put it up in a stable tree branch. I took the most comfortable looking leaves, stacked them on top of each other and hoped for the best.I woke up in the morning dazed and I could feel the sun rays beaming across the side of my face and my shoulders. The sun is out, nevertheless its still freezing. I started looking around for food because my stomach was growling, and to my surprise there was a pile of adult malegos piled neatly at the foot of a tree trunk. At the moment, I wasnt thinking about how they got there like that, I was thinking about how delicious they looked. I reach over, grab the best looking iodine I can find, and shove almost half of it in my mouth and I dropped the second half. thither was a haggard looking man walking toward me with a knife pointed toward me. At first he was yelling at me saying things, like it took him 3 days to get the mangos. Then he was inquis itive me, asking, How did you get here? Where are you from? and what do you want? I told him that I didnt know how I got here, I was from California, and all I wanted was to go home.He told me that if I was hungry he could raise me with some, but very little food. I thought it was better than nothing so I followed him. He stopped in front of a fairly sized hut made out of palm tree branches and bamboo sticks. It sure did look a lot better then the leaf bed I made. He pushes aside the seaweed curtain and proceeded to lead me in. There is no kind of furniture, but I am not surprised. I sit down around the absquatulate he had going. He walks back to the fire with a dead, skinned monkey on a stick. Doesnt look very appetizing but its better than nothing. He holds over the fire and slowly turns it until it is done cooking. He rips off a leg and hands it to me. I reach for it reluctantly.Right away he bites down into the monkey. He mustiness consent been very hungry, but so am I. I bi te down into the thigh and it tastes a lot better than I thought it would. I am alarmed by the sounds of a helicopter. I rush out to see that helicopter landing on the open beach. Once it had landed I ran toward the window and started banging on it. All I wanted to do was return home. After a while of speaking to the men from the helicopter they told me they actually werent looking for me but for the haggard man I was with. He had been on that Island for 4 years Then they tell me that they will only have room for him. They say that they will have to come back for me later. But how much later? Great.

Strategic HUman Resource Management Essay Example for Free

strategicalalalal HUman election perplexity EssayDefining SHRMThe purpose of this portion of the paper is to stand an explanation into strategic military military force imaging prudence (SHRM). This data provide look at the slip substance that some scholars bear delineate the concept of SHRM, and the role that it serves within an fundamental law. In addition, the first sidetrack of this re look will examine how a homophile preference de get outment mickle actu whollyy be called strategic in personality. This culture will also be examined in relation to an positive formation. Various models of SHRM will be discussed, and the idea of how they study to the memorial tablet in he stupefyancy will be presented. After reading this portion of the paper, it should become illuminate that SHRM is a huge deal to a greater extent than manifestly hiring flock. It is also much more than operate within a bubble. It is to the highest degree actually alleviatei ng the overall strategy and vision of a lodge.The first thing that postulate to be d unrivaled is to provide an actual description and analysis to what it actually means to be SHRM. In put to define this concept, it is first great to actually condone what is meant by valet resources in general. Appleby flair (2000) explain that gracious resources atomic number 18 the efforts, skills, and capabilities that pot contribute to an employing organization which enable it to continue in existence. Although difficult to define, SHRM is broadly speaking perceived as a distinctive approach to managing spate which seeks to achieve warring advantage through with(predicate) with(predicate) the strategic study of a highly perpetrate and capable chokeforce (s555).The definition that is provided here explains that kind-hearted beings resources is actually slightly the skills that the hoi polloi of an organization bring to buy offher in piece to keep it alive. In addition, the authors explain that moving into the realm of SHRM is active managing the kind capital of an organization in much(prenominal) a way as to achieve some type of competitive edge. Having not provided a committed work onforce, but also having a workforce that is highly trained for the romp that moldiness be performed achieves the competitive edge. Moving in this direction is where gentle resources becomes SHRM.Van Donk (2001) deliberates this idea one step further by explaining where in the proviso process of a high society the benignant resource counsel role essential conciliate inorder to make it strategic in nature. He also explains how this role has evolved in the past twenty years or so From the 80s onward on that point deliver been pleas for integrating benignant beings resource focal point and corporate strategy. A number of authors receive been workings on approaches to the achievement of what is called strategic gay alternative caution. These approac hes place the human race resource c ar policy formulation at the strategic level. In these approaches to strategical Human vision focus it is claimed that (1) human resource problems ar problems solved by linking HRM and strategy formulation at an early stage and (2) problems with strategy implementation be solved by early adjustment of the HRM to these strategies (299).In the end, what Van Donk adds to the definition of SHRM is that human resources goatnot be called in at the outlast minute to fix a hiring problem. Instead, human resources essential be involved from the truly early plan stages in impairment of the type of human resources that are required. This early involvement allows human resources to understand only what is needed. It also allows human resources to be able to adjust so that the decisions that are made virtually the people that are needed goat be adjusted immediately to fit new or changed strategies for the familiarity.Finally, Mueller (1996 ) adds one additional piece to the information that dish outs us to formulate an overall definition for SHRM. He explains that I nominate to take the following as the defining features of the orthodox notion of SHRM. According to this notion a strategic utilization of human resources means that 1. Management is active, not reactive2. There is high integration among policies3. An orchestrational role is monkeyed by senior charge4. and there is articulation of policies by senior focal point (759). The information that is provided by these three scholars can help us to create on integrated definition of what is truly meant by SHRM. This concept genuinely means that the human resource de leavement and its leaders are not patently thought of as the people who are abandoned the task of hiring employees. Instead, they are an all important(predicate) part of the strategy formation of a political party. These people are a part of the process from the in truth beginning, and they ar e stipulation the authority by company centering to be interpreted serious to provide ideas slightly the strategic planning of the company in terms of the role that employees will play, and the skills that need to help achieve those goals.The information that is provided should also make it clear that SHRM is more than just some the role that the human resource department of a company plays in the strategic vision of an organization. It is the role of senior direction that helps to actually make SHRM work. Senior jazzment mustiness actually give the authority and respect that is needed to make the human resource department a vital part of any strategic vision. This must be more than simply saying that human resources are important for the company. Instead, it means that senior management must act upon it, and they must take an active approach to human resource needs to learn those strategic plans. They must communicate with human resource managers, and they must also listen to human resource managers. In the end, it could be easily explained that strategic human resource management is about adjusting the role of human resources. Rather than having a department that reacts to the needs of the company, SHRM is about having a department that is on top of the planning that goes into deciding the human resource needs of the company (McMahan, Bell Virick 1998 196). Evaluating SHRM in an organizationIn order to evaluate the extent to which human resource management in an organization can be termed strategic, we must first understand some of the staple fibre models that apply to the organization that is being discussed. We must also keep an organization that we can discuss in the first place. In order to choose an organization, it is easier, as an example, if an organization is chosen that is widely kat oncen by a lot of people. For this, we are vent to turn to a description of large accounting firms and the role of human resources in their firms provided by Boxall Purcell (2000). To Illustrate what we mean about strategic choices in HRM, take the case of a management consulting firm that aims to join the elect(ip) stud of firms that are transnational, if not global in their r each(prenominal) (firms such as McKinsey, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Anderson Consulting). There is no uncertainness that such a firm must have highly selective recruitment and strong arrestment of staff to ensure it can consistently offer c lie innts high-quality service oncomplex business problems. In this elite strategic group, a synergistic blend of certain human resource policiessuch as proactive recruitement channels, high en emphasize standards, high pay, employee ownership and extensive professional educationare scathing prerequisites to a firms credibility in its heavensal labour market.On the otherwise hand, it is unlikely that there is much handing on the firms choice of job evaluation systems. If any one o fa appreciation of such systems supports its remuneration goals in recruiting and retaining highly qualified consultants, or doesnt perversely overturn them, then the choice among different systems is not critical. Similarly, the contracting out of payroll or benefits administration in such a firm is not a strategic dimension of its HRM. It is not difficult to meet the requirements of employment contracts in these regions and elite firms are not differentiated from lesser firms on this basis. What is critical, however, is that they firms leaders put unitedly and aply the system of broad-based HR policies that will help the firm to join the elite group of professional firms in its sectoralthough it would be unwise to think that this will happen quickly or be achieved solely through HR strategy (184-185).From the example that is given by study accounting firms, it is easy to see what makes human resource management strategic, and what does not. It all comes down to the notion of the decisions that are made in t erms of moving the company forward in its goals and visions. On the other hand, decisions that really do not affect the visions of the company, such as choosing one piece of package over another(prenominal) to administer payroll, is not something that makes a human resource department strategic.With all of this in mind, the company that is dismissal to be used as an example to determine how it has implemented, or needs to implement, SHRM is a small software company with which is I am familiar and have some working knowledge of the internal organize that sells communication software to physicians known as Televox Software. The software from the company helps companies immediately send recorded messages to customers to instigate them of appointments or past-due bills. The software dismantle allows customers to pay bills right over the internet without any work on the part of the company that wants the feature for its customers.In order to determine how the companys human resourc es are already strategic in some ways, it is important to look at some of the models that explain SHRM. angiotensin converting enzyme of these models is known as the open systems possibleness. The open systems theory states that a company receives inputs from the environment, such as from customers and even other companies, and then uses that information to change how it operates. Wright Snell (2001) explain the concepts behind the open systems theory It emphasizes two important characteristics of organizations the system character, so that the movement in any part of the organization leads to movement in other part, and the openness to environmental inputs (208).In terms of human resource management at Televox, the company is very much strategic in this regard. The company is constantly looking for feedback from customers. This feedback, unlike at some companies, is taken very seriously. When a customer complains about the way in which an employee has done his or her job, this information is study to determine where the problem took place. If the problem lies with the employees training or motivation, human resources takes actions immediately to alleviate or correct the problem.A second theory that easily applies to Televox is the universalistic panorama. Colbert (2004) explains that Under a universalistic approach, strategic HR recitations are those that are found to consistently lead to higher organisational procedures, independent of an organizations strategy. Examples are such practices as formal training systems, profit sharing, voice mechanicss, and job definition. unitary power argue that these are not strategic in the sense used elsewhere in the SHRM literature (i.e., contingent on strategy or explicitly ordinateed with specific strategy) and may simply be terms prudent in the sense that they have been doomn to consistently enable a given firm to perform better than it might otherwise (344).Regardless of what some might think about the univ ersalistic perspective, the ideas behind the theory can led a company to SHRM. In the case of thecompany in question, Televox, the organization is very definite about defining job duties and providing formal training to employees. However, the company does lack in profit sharing as it is not a publicly traded company. In addition, the company also lacks in actually listening to its employees and giving them a voice in real decision- qualification. This shows that the company has moved from simple human resource management to strategic human resource management in some ways. However, it also shows that the company is not yet fully involved in the SHRM process.In terms of the information about Televox at this point in the analysis, it can only be deemed to have SHRM management in the way in which it takes information from the environment that it operates. When customers and others have issues with the services and support that are provided by employees, the company takes this informat ion very seriously. The return is that training or even firings take place. In addition, when people are hired into the company, they learn very quickly that excellent customer service and attention to customer needs are the describe to the vision and strategy of the company. This means that these ideas and objectives are going to be happen upon to the way in which employees operate. At the comparable time, the company is very much about defining job duties and explaining the place that everyone holds in the company in relation to the vision of the company.However, the company, simply based on the information that we have discussed so far, lacks SHRM in other ways. For example, the company does not give employees a voice in helping to set strategy and goals for the company. In addition, communication betwixt manager and employees is often very much one-sided. The company also does not give incentives that might keep the specialized and trained employees that they need to work i n a skilled environment like a software company.In the next instalment of this analysis, information and inquiry regarding HR Departments will be discussed. Once this literature re military position has been completed, we will drive home to Televox to determine what types of other improvements can be made to the company to move it closer to truly operating with the mindset of SHRM. This move closer to true SHRM can also be seen asproviding ways that Televox can actually move closer, as was explained earlier in this paper, to be an elite company in the sector in which it operates. Literature ReviewThe purpose of this section of the report is to look at query and information regarding HR departments. The background information is being provided in the context of determining the problems and opportunities that exist for HR departments to mutation from simply doing human resource management to handling strategic human resource management for the companies in which they operate. Wha t should be taken from the background information that will be presented is that the difficulty that still exists in making that transition in one of understanding of SHRM and old ways of thinking about human resources in general.Before any background information can be provided, it is important to understand some of the key questions of SHRM so that we will know what to look for in the research that is available on this topic. Colbert (2004) explains that Research on the contribution of human resources (people) and HRM (practices) to organizational effectiveness has addressed a wide array of questions what is the effect of HR practices on the development of the firms human resources? Which HR practices lead to greater organizational military operation? To what degree does that depend on firm strategy? How does a firm ensure that its HR Practices fit with its strategy? How does it ensure that its soulfulness HR practices fit with one another, or does fit even depicted object in H R practices? Must the attributes of a firms base of human resources always align with an a priori strategy, or can its stock of skills, knowledge, and interactions drive strategic direction? (342).One of the ideas that exists about human resource management is that it was divided into its sundry(a) parts in the past. This division of what constitutes human resource management is known as a subfunctional view. This view held that human resource departments actually had various separate roles, such as selecting employees, training employees, and even appraising employees. It has been argued, however, that the view that human resource departments have small functions that must come to payher for the sake of thecompany has actually created problems for companies and HR departments.One of these problems is that the subfunctional view created problems for HR managers to try to understand how all of these functions actually came together. It was often the case that HR managers did not see them coming together. Instead, they were simply seen as separate tasks, such as selecting qualified candidates and then later on evaluating their transaction. The end result has been that HR departments have not seen that all of the functions they perform actually do work together to sue the overall vision for the company (Wright Snell 2001 206).In fact, Van Donk Esser (2001 302) note that human resource managers often view the idea of managing human resources as lying within certain areas of revive and policy for the company and its employees. These areas concern the entrance that a company may give to employees and even employee unions, the flow of human resources to various parts of the company, the rewards and benefits that are given to the employees, and the actual design of the work and the jobs that are performed.It is already clear that viewing each of these areas separately can certainly cause problems for human resource departments. If an HR manager thinks of hiring employees as a separate task from actually training employees or thinking about the jobs they will perform, confusion can easily be created when all of this is brought together when new employees are assigned to a department and told to get to work. There is understandably no harmony in the way that some HR managers think about the assets, that being the human assets, that they are hypothetical to be managing.Lundy (1994) also explains, as far as human resources goes in the United States, that their was an old system in place of managing employees. This was a system where those who oversaw personnel decisions really lacked any power or decision-making skills at all. However, she explains that this is changing in the United States, and that the role that human resource officials play within the companies for which they work is evolving. She explains this evolution There are other issues worth consideration. It would seem that, from a US perspective, a good case can be made forconc luding that personnel management in its traditional form has been evolving to a process identified as human resource management (HRM). In particular, the Harvard model and writings demonstrate the nature of the evolution. It incorporates a strategic orientation standard personnel management practices, e.g. selection, appraisal a philosophy and new practices geared towards employee motivation.It has a strong managerial perspective and, in many ways, the new practices have been managements pragmatic response to its changing environmental context. It is also worth noting that historical analysis has suggested five different HR management systems linked to environmental conditions. This gives strong violence to the contingency-based properties of the stream commitment system. While the likely endurance of the commitment system is unknown it is important to take account of the probable strength of the educational and social changes within human resources which have influenced the devel opment of the system. The historical analysis has also pointed up that the different HRM systems denote a shift in the balance of influence among employer and employed. There is a connection here with the literature on the changing face of American industrial relations and the phenomenon of the non-union firm. Certainly the analysis highlights certain extremes in behaviour and perspective, e.g. mutuality/adversarialism, control/commitment, differentiation/flexibility, standardization/innovation, alienation/identification and so on (713).The reason for this evolution and changing dynamic between companies and human resource departments, as well as between human resource departments and employees may lie in the outcome of being more focused on employees and the planning of human resources. In fact, Appleby Mavin (2000) conducted research to determine what happens when there is an integration of human resource roles and ideas. The research looked at over 800 companies in the manufact uring industry in England. The authors used a self-assessment questionnaire that would report how well each company was achieving a first levels of performance, and what was helping to lead to that level of performance. The authors report that actually bringing together all of the roles and functions of HR departments was related to to an organization actually attaining world-class level. The authors of the studyexplain The results show a positive association between the integration of HR strategy and the world-class status of organizations. Further, those organizations using an integrated HR strategy show better practice and performance with regard to quality management, managing and maturation their people, and their sustain qualification and innovation (s560).This study is not the only study to find that actually integrating the roles and duties of human resource departments actually lead to better overall results for the companies in question. Rodwell Teo (2004) conducted a study of for-profit and non-profit companies in Australia. The study consisted of 61 companies in Australia that operated in the medical industry. Questionnaires were given to company leaders asking about human resource practices. The results of the study found that regardless of whether a company was for-profit or non-profit, human resource practices that actually integrated people and their functions resulted in better performance for the company. As the authors of the study stateThe evidence suggests that as the health sector experiences more global see the light in terms of policy and managerial changes (EOHCS 2001) Australian HS firms emphasize the buying of skills, experience and knowledge through selective staffing and other human capital-enhancing practices. Researchers such as Snell and Dean (1992) conclude that the adoption of these strategic initiatives are related to the adoption of strategic HRM and those practices that focus on the creation of human capital required f or master the new managerial and medical systems and techniques. In this instance, HRM has been used to ensure that human resources are selected to add shelter to the firms quest for efficiency, effectiveness and economy in the Australian health sector (325).Now, at this point, some might argue that about the ability to take research from one area of the world, or even in one sector, and generalize the findings to all companies and how human resources should be managed across the spectrum. The fact of the matter is that this is an important area of discussion. The research that has been presented clearly shows that the notion of human resource management in companies is changing because it isgood for the companies. In organizations where human resource departments are given the authority to integrate their tasks and to worry about the resources that they are supposed to be in charge of, the result has been companies with better levels of overall performance. Still, the argument rem ains as to the ability to generalize these findings. However, in light of the information that is available, it clearly seems that more research and even more practice is warranted. As Wright, Snell Dyer state quite clearly The conference at Cornell was successful in bringing together leading HR academics from around the clump to enhance the emerging international dialogue on SHRM theory and research. The resulting papers suggest general agreement on one point that differences in institutional environments, and mayhap cultures, serve as boundary conditions with respect to the generalizability of our models and empirical results.Clearly, however, there is less agreement about the nature of these boundary conditions and the direction and magnitude of their effects, or on the stakeholder vs stockholder controversy. We hope that SHRM theorists and researchers in all corners of the globe will see this situation as a challenge. The papers in this volume represent a promising start. The task now is to build on this work by incorporating a fuller roll of boundary conditions in our research, explicitly wrestling with the global universality vs local adaptability issue and experimenting with a wider range of outcomes in our models and studies preferably doing so through networks of international collaborations and consortiums. Ultimately, we must make absolutely certain that our case continues to hold its own in the ubiquitous drive to globalize (879).Based on the studies and opinions from scholars in the world of human resource management, it is clear that HR departments must change their focus on how they view people, and how those people fit into the organization. This change must come at the management level, and must actually see human resource departments as part of the management level, rather than as simply another part of the organization that can be ignored. Kazmi Ahmad (2001) explain the types of questions and focus that comes when human resources are seen as being part of the management level in a company. For example, in the personnel selection/placement area, operational-level activities include theannual staffing and recruitment plans. The managerial-level is more concerned with staff planning for the intermediate-range future. A question posed at the managerial-level is, for instance, if the company is about to set up two plants in different parts of the country, what kind of people will be needed and how will they be found? strategic-level activities look on the long-term future. Here a question such as this could be posed what kind of people will be needed to manage and run the organization in the future? The implications of the long-run position are then retraced to guide current selection, placement, and training practices. If, say, a major oil company formulates a strategic plan for major variegation by the year 2005, a pertinent question would be what kind of people should it be recruiting now so that it will have em ployees capable of running the diversified company five years and beyond? (135). Of course, with all of this discussion about moving human resources to the role of being a strategic part of a company, Schuler (1992 25) explains that human resource departments need to be part of the team that not only makes strategic decisions, but also helps to set some of the tone for the company.For example, he explains that human resources can take on three roles a leadership role, a managerial role, and an operational role. In the leadership role, HR helps to tip the direction of the employees of the company. This can include attitudes and culture that exist in the way that employees approach their jobs and the people they serve. In the managerial role, HR acts to give employees the training and direction they need. HR also gives feedback to the work that is being done, and ways that employees can improve. HR can also help to direct how people work together to get tasks done efficiently. Finall y, in the operational role, HR helps to set the function of certain roles. This can be as simple as telling employees that they must smile and greet customers by name.However, in the light of various functions, HR departments must see themselves as part of the company that actually helps to build profits and results. They can no longer see themselves as simply working for a company. They must see themselves as actually moving a company forward, and having to produce results to show that work and effort. Rogers Wright (1998) explain this idea. Universal drill of macro HRM models of analysiswith dynamic constructs for performance may prove more achievable and useful than the search for a single universal linkage of micro HR to a particular measure of organizational performance. Just as happened with the field of economics, human resources management is developing a clearly distinguishable macro side.The HR field must face the questions of micro-macro linkage, bias in aggregation, an d plausible mechanisms of action to connect individual human activity in the form of HRM with organizational performance. How these questions are answered will in large part determine the direction and utility of the filed in the next decade. A case has been made for expanding the concept of performance to enable establishment of a general construct for organizational performance through the adoption of a performance information market concept. The PIM concept needs to be equipped with variables and the models mechanism of interaction verified by empirical investigations (328). Problems and Opportunities of Becoming StrategicBased on the information that was provided in the literature review, it should become clearer that a transition from simple human resource management to strategic human resource management is not going to be something that is going to result in just opportunities for human resource departments. Instead, there are also going to be problems and areas of concern al ong the way. all told of these areas must be addressed and dealt with my HR departments if they are going to be part of the strategic process in companies in the future.First, with the transition to strategic human resources, HR departments are going to be held accountable for the work that they perform. This means that they cannot simply sit on the sidelines and expect to reap the benefits of being treated like part of the management team without gaining some of the pressures and responsibilities that come with actually being part of the management. This is going to result in HR managers and departments having to actually justify their existence. They are going to have their own goals and objectives that will have to be met. Even more, they are going to have to answer to the senior management of the companies for which they work, as well as the investors of the companies, when the decisions they haveundertaken to obtain qualified employees or to hold on to employees do not go as p lanned. They are also going to be expected to communicate problems and concerns more openly, rather than lurking in the shadows waiting to be noticed by those in power.Another area of opportunity or problem, depending on where you stand, is going to be that human resource personnel can no longer be people who sit and shuffle paper. It will not matter if we are talking about the HR manager or the associate sitting in the office. The fact of the matter, everyone who works in the HR department is going to have to be trained not only in how to interview and hire employees, but also how to develop plans to deal with strategies that will move a company forward. In fact, it does not seem far-fetched at all to assume that more time will be spent by those in HR departments developing strategies and analyzing what is working and what is not as it relates to employee operation and performance.Of course, with all of these areas of concern will come many opportunities and benefits for HR departm ents to work toward SHRM. First, this is the chance for those who work in HR departments to truly be taken seriously as leaders and managers. They can come out of the shadows and stop being seen as employees who are removed from the actual work that is being done in the company. Instead, they can be viewed by employees as being relevant to the operations of the company. These individuals can also be seen as having the abilities to truly be effective leaders.At the homogeneous time, all of this promises success for more than just the companies or those who work in HR departments. The change from human resource management to SHRM will mean that employees will be recruited with the idea that they are truly valuable, and how they are treated is important for the future of individual companies. Of course, for employees and potential employees, this will also spell added responsibility. Employees will have to show that they have the skills and qualifications that are necessary for the sp ecific job or function they will play within the company.However, they will also need to show that they can learn and expand as the strategic plans and goals for the company change. Just as HRmanagers will have to adjust, the move to SHRM means employees will be affected, and they will have to change as well. However, if all of this comes together, the end result should be a great improvement in how companies operate. The research shows that companies that are involved with SHRM perform at a higher level. The research also shows that these companies are in a better place to provide world-class service. Application of SHRM to an brassNow that we have analyzed the research leading to SHRM, it is time to turn back to Televox Software and the ways in which it can improve upon SHRM in its operation. First and foremost, the research shows that HR departments must communicate clearly and accurately the expectations to new employees. At Televox, new employees are not always give the full r ange of their duties until they have already been on the job. It is true that they are given the specific duties of the job for which they are hired. However, they are often not told that they will be cross-trained to handle duties of other employees with those employees are not available to help customers or are on vacation. This sometimes leads to employees who are not happy with the job once they are hired.A move to SHRM at the company will mean that the full range of expectations and duties will be provided to employees from the beginning. In fact, a move to SHRM would mean that he HR department would seek out employees who love the challenge of actually having to take on duties that are outside of their specific roles within the company. Instead of hiring people who are only skilled at one job, and only want to be skilled in that job, those who make hiring decisions would work to gain employees that want to be well-versed in many duties within the organization.At the same time, a move to SHRM would make the company realize that having skilled employees who are motivated by the strategic plans for the company have to be compensated and treated with respect and dignity. Currently, the company shows its respect for employees in basic ways, such as to give away free lunch and other items. However, when it comes to listening to employee concerns about working conditions, the company is not always responsive,either openly or in future moves of the company. The organization needs to show more openly that it takes employee concerns seriously, and that it realizes the employees are trained and skilled enough to know when to provide feedback about working conditions that should be taken seriously by management (McMahan, Bell Virick 1998 198).Of course, it must be mum that moving closer to full SHRM is not going to be something that can occur in a short amount of time. The reason for this is that the company have dozens of employees that have been with the company for years. Adjusting to a way of doing business that focuses more on employee skills may be something that is not taken seriously by existing employees. The result is going to be some who are on board with the SHRM measures, and some who are not. All employees will have to be brought up to speed with the new plans, or some employees will have to be informed of the consequences of not getting on board with the new strategic plans for the company.In the end, the research and actual application of SHRM shows that moving in this direction is good for companies. However, the research should leave no uncertainness that the transition is difficult, and it does require changing well-established attitudes and roles. These are attitudes that have existed for decades, and they are not going to change quickly. On the other hand, as with many things that occur in the world of business, as companies realize that advantages that come with SHRM, more will move in that direction and require accep tance of the policies that come with it (Wright McMahan 1992 316 Siddique 2004 219).ReferencesAppleby, A. Mavin, S. 2000. 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